Tourist Route Map of Darjeeling and Kalimpong District
Multipurpose Projects
Bhakra Nangal
Project:
It is the largest
in India on Sutlej River. It's a joint venture of Punjab, Harayana and
Rajasthan.
It has five
purposes:
i)
Two dams at Bhakra and Nangal
ii)
Nangal hydel channel
iii)
Powerhouse of 1,204 MW
iv)
Electric transmission and
v)
Bhakra canal system for
irrigation.
Bhakra Dam is near
Roopnagar, Ropar dist. The dam is 226m in height, 518m in length, 312m in
width; behind it is Govind Sagar Lake. Bhakra Dam is near Roopnagar, Ropar
dist. The dam is 226m in height, 518m in length, 312m in width; behind it is
Govind Sagar Lake. Nangal Hydel Channel 64.4km long, 42.65m wide and 6.28m deep
Powerhouse of 1204 MW first near Gangunal. Second Kotla, third near Roopnagar
and fourth and fifth near Bhakradam. Bhakra canal 171 km long, maximum water at
Haryana (46.7%), then Punjab (37.7% and then Rajasthan (15.6%)
Damodar Valley
Project:
Damodar is a
tributary of Hughly river in Bengal and has four dams. It was setup on 19th Feb
1948 on the recommendation of W.L. Vordouin, the person who setup TVA in
America.
The four dams are:
Tilaiya dam on
Barakar River; started in 1950 and completed in 1953. Its length is 366m, and
maximum width is 30m. It is the only concrete dam in the area. It has two power
stations of 2,000 KW each.
Konar dam on Konar
River is in Hazarihagh. 3549 m long, maximum height 49m, completed in 1955. It
supplies electricity to Bokaro Steel Project. Maithan dam on the confluence of
Barakar and Damodar Rivers, 994m long and maximum height is 49m, completed in
1958, capacity is 60 MW.
Panchet hill dam on
Damodar river, completed in 1959, dam is 2545m long and maximum height is 49m,
generates 40MW.
Durgapur
Barrage23km from Raniganj, stores irrigation water of 4 DVC dams, it is 83 lm
long and 12m high.
Hirakud Dam:
61m high, 4801m
long, on Mahandi rivers(orissa)
It is the largest
dam in India and one of the largest dams of the world with the gross storage
capacity of 8100 Million cubic meters.
Two more dams have
been built on Mahanadi Tibrapar and Naraj
Kosi Project:
It was started in
1955 with five objectives:(i)Irrigation (ii)Flood control(iii)Power
generation(iv)Land reclamation and(v)Fishing and Navigation.
There are three
units at this Kosi Project:
A barrage near
Hanumannagar (Nepal), 1149m long 72m high, Constructed in 1965.
Flood embankments, built
1959, 270km Eastern Kosi canal, 43.5km long
A powerhouse of 20
MW, has been installed, which is shared by both India and Nepal.
Rihand Valley
Project:
934m long. 92m high
dam on river Rihand a tributary of Sone, near Pipri in Mirzapur
Govind Ballabh
PantSagar, is the largest man made reservoir in India.
One more project
has been built at Ovea on Rihand River.
Chambal Valley
Project:
It is a joint
venture of M.P and Rajasthan started in 1954 on Chambal River (tributary of
Yamuna)
In the first stage the
dam was 64m high and 514m long, was called Gandhi Sagar Dam, it is in
chaurasigarh near Bhanpura, built in 1960.
In the second
stage, one more dam was built which was 54m high and 1143m long was named
Ranapratap Masonry Dam. It is 56km from Rawatbhata
In the third stage,
the dam was 548m long and 45m high called Jawahar Sagar dam at Kota Dam,
constructed in 1971.
Tungbhadra Project:
It is a joint
venture of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
The dam is 50m high
and 2,441m long on Tungbhadra River (a tributary of Krishna)
It is built in
Bellary dist. of Karnataka
There are canals on
both sides of the dam.
There are three
power stations.
Gandak Project:
Joint venture of
Bihar and U.P
This project has
7.47m long and 9.81m high barrage at Bhansolotan in Valmikinagar in Bihar
The project was
completed in 1967
Head Regulator is
at Triveni
The barrage has
four canal two each for India and Nepal
Narmada Valley
Project:
Narmada originates
near Amarkantak Plateau (M.P)
It is the fifth
largest river in India.
The project aims to
have 29 major and 3,000 small dams -The project was concieved in 1945-46.
The largest project
is Sardar Sarovar Project has the capacity of 77 lakh hectare and will provide
is irrigation to 17.92 lakh hectares in Gujarat.
Two power stations
will produce 1,450 MW of hydroelectricity
Second major
project is Narmada Sagar project started in 1984.
Nagaraiuna Sagar
Project:
Started in 1955-56,
the dam is on Krishna River in Nalgonda district.
Its height is
124.7m and length is 1450m.
It has two canals
Jawahar on the right and Lai Bahadur canal on the left
The powerhouse has
two units, 50 MW each.
Vyas Project
(BEAS):
It is a joint
venture of Punjabi, Haryana and Rajasthan,
It has two parts,
Beas Sutlej link and Pong dam,
Beas Sutlej is 61 m
high,
Ramganga Project:
Ramganga is a
tributary of Ganga.
Aim of the project
is to provide irrigation facilities to about 6 lakh hectares of land in western
U.P, to supply 20 cusecs of drinking water to Delhi and to control the floods
in western and central U.P
This project
includes:
A 625.8m long and
125.6m high earth and rock filled dam across the Ramganga river and a Saddle
dam of height 75.6m across the Ghuisot steam near Kalagarh in dist of Garhwal
Across the river a 546m long weir at Hereoli
A feeder canal,
82km in length originating from Hereoli River Remodelling of 3388km of existing
dam and 3880km long new branch canals A powerhouse on the river at its right
bank with an installed capacity of 198 MW.
Mayurakshi Project:
Mayurakshi is a
tributary of the Hughli River
Purpose behind this
project is four fold:(i)Create irrigation potential,(ii) Generate power, (iii)
Control floods and (iv)Control erosion.
A barrage is
constructed across the Mayurakshi River at Tilpara.
Two irrigational
canals are attached with the Tilpara barrage with total length of 1367 km and
providing irrigation in West Bangal and Bihar 4,000 KW of electricity is
supplied to Birbhum, Murshidabad and Santhal Pargana, which is generated by
this project.
Indira Gandhi Canal
Project:
It is the world's
largest irrigation project to provide irrigation to semi arid and arid regions
of Rajasthan.
Water from Pong
barrage built over Beas River is being utilized.
Indira Gandhi canal
once completed will provide irrigation to about 12.51akh hectares of land in
Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Ganganagar dist of Rajasthan.
It has two stages,
in the first stage construction of the Rajasthan feeder, 189 km long Rajasthan
main and about 3,183km long distribution have been taken. The second stage
comprises the construction of the remaining part of the Rajasthan main canal
and 5,409km long distributaries.
Pochampad Project:
This irrigation
project is the second largest project in Andhra Pradesh.
It involve 812m in
length and 43m of height masonry dam on the Godavari River in Adilabad
district.
The storage
capacity of the dam is 230.36 cross m3 -A canal of length 112.63km will provide
irrigation facilities in Karimnagar and Adilabad districts .
Tehri Dam Project:
Alaknanda is the
river on which this dam is being constructed in Tehri district of Uttranchal.
Motives behind this
project is to collect the flood water of the Bhagirathi and the Bhilangana
rivers in a large reservoir behind the dam Hydroelectricity generation, To
provide irrigation facilities to agricultural land in the westem U.P.
Tehri dam has a
distinction of highest rock fill dam in the country,
2,70,000 hectares
of agricultural land in western U.P and Delhi with the supply of 300 cusecs is
going to be facilitated by this project.
2,400 MW is the
installed capacity of power generation A concrete dam at Kateshwar, 22km away
from the Tehri dam will impound water released by the Tehri dam, from where
another 400 MW of electricity will be generated.
Farraka Barrage
Project:
River Navigation
and to augment the water flow river is the main objective of this project. A
barrage across the Ganga River, 2,240 in length to maintain 271akh cu sec of
flood discharge 60,000 cusec of floodwater flow to be maintained by a barrage
across the Bhagirathi river length will be 213 m. A feeder canal 38.38km in
length to divert 40,000 cusecs of water to Hughli River.
Providing
infrastructure to develop river navigation and To build a rail cum road bridge
to connect West Bengal with North East India.
Machkund Project:
It is a joint
venture of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
A dam of height 54m
and 410 m in length, has been constructed on Machkund river.
Project includes a
powerhouse with 115 MW as the installed capacity.
Parambikulam
Project:
This Project is a
joint venture of Kerala and Tamil nadu.
Under this project
185 MW of electricity will be generated and 1.01 lakh hectare of land will be
irrigated.
Water of 8 small
rivers would be utilised.
Mahi Project:
It is on Mahi
River, which has its origin in Vindhyas in Dhardis of M.P.
First stage 796 m
in length and 21m of height dam is being constructed at Banakbori village. This
stage also has 74km long canals to irrigate 1.86 hectares of land.
2nd stage
construction of a dam of 1,430m in length and 58 m high to irrigation 80,000 of
area near kodana.
A generation of 40
MW of electricity with irrigation of 2.75 lakh hectares of land is going to be
done by this project.
Kakrapara Project:
Project is in
Gujarat on Tapti River.
Project involves a
dam 14 m high and 621m long.
2.27 lakh hectares
of land will be irrigated with the help of two canals of 505 km and 837 km in
length.
Koyna Project:
In Maharashtra, on
Koyna river.
Project involves
construction of a dam 250 m in height.
Hansdev Bango
Project:
Project involves construction
of a 85m high stone dam on Hansdev river in M.P.
It will irrigate
3.28 lakh hectares of land and also be used for industrial purposes.
Bargi Project:
It is on river
Bargi near Jabalpur in M.P.
It is a
multipurpose project once completed will irrigate 2.45 lakh hectares of land.
25, Bhima Project.
This project
includes construction of two dams -One dam on river Pabna near Pune in
Maharashtra, which will be 1,319 m long and 42m high.
Other dam with a
length of 2467m and a height of 56.4m will be constructed on river Krishna in
Sholapur district of Maharashtra.
Some other Projects
are:
Jayakwadi Project:
on Godavri in Maharashtra.
Ukai Project: on
River Tapti in Gujarat.
Puma Project: on
River Puma in Maharashtra.
Periyar Project: on
River Periyar in Kerala.
Saharawasi Hydel
Project: near Jog water falls in Karnataka.
Tawa Project: on
Tawa River. M.P.
Mata Teela Dam: on
River Betwa, Jhansi; U.P,
Kunda Project:
Tamil Nadu.
Sabrigiri Project:
Kerala.
Balimela: Orissa.
Salal: on River
Chenab
Kalindi: Karnataka
Idduki: Kerala
Bhadra: on River
Bhadra, Karnataka.
Kukadi: Maharashtra
Naptha Jhakri:
Himachal Pradesh.
Dulhasti: Jammu and
Kashmir on river Chenab.
Girna: on river
Girna, Maharashtra
Jawai Project: on
River Jawai, Rajasthan
Jakham Project:
Rajasthan
Parwati Project:
River Parwat, Rajasthan
Orai Project: River
Orai, Rajasthan
Singrauli Super
Power Project: Uttar Pradesh
Transport System of India:
Roadways:
■ India has 3.3 million km of road network and the second largest in the world. The road traffic accounts for about 80% of the passenger traffic and 60% of the goods.
■ India has 3.3 million km of road network and the second largest in the world. The road traffic accounts for about 80% of the passenger traffic and 60% of the goods.
■ In India, roadways have
preceded railways. 43.5% of the total roads is surfaced roads. In India, roads
are classified in the following six classes according to their capacity.
■ Golden Quadrilateral
Super Highways: The government has launched a major road development
project linking Delhi-Kolkata- Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways
has a total length of 5846kms. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar
(Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) and East-West Corridor
connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are part of this project.
The project has a total length of about 7300km. The major objective of these
Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of
India. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway
Authority of India (NHAI).
■ National Highways:
National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road
systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department
(CPWD). A number of major National Highways run in North-South and East-West
directions. The historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.1,
between Delhi and Amritsar. The total length of the National Highways is 58,112
km. constitutes only two percent of the total road length but carry 40% of the
total road traffic. NH 7 passes through Jabalpur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bangalore
and Madurai and is the longest one with the total length of 2369 km.
■ State Highways:
Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as
State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public
Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories. These roads constitute
5.6% of total length of all roads.
District
Roads: These roads
connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These
roads are maintained by the Zilla Parishad.
■ Border Roads:
Apart from these, Border Roads Organisation a Government of India undertaking
constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This
organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of
strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. These roads
have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in
the economic development of these areas.
|
Road Density : The length of
road per 100 sq. km of area is known as density of roads. Distribution of
road is not uniform in the country.
Lowest in
Jammu and Kashmir (10 km).
Highest in
Kerala (375 km)
National
Average (75 km).
Density of
metalled roads: National average (42.4 km)
Goa has the
highest density (153.8 km)
Jammu and
Kashmir has the lowest density (3.7 km).
|
Railways
■ Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. Indian Rail transport is largest in Asia and fourth largest in the world.
■ Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. Indian Rail transport is largest in Asia and fourth largest in the world.
■ The Indian Railways is the
largest public sector undertaking in the country with 1.6 million staff.
■ The first train steamed off
from Mumbai (Bori Bunder) to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.
■ The Indian Railway have a
network of 7, 031 stations spread over a route length of 63, 221 km. with a
fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach
vehicles and 228, 170 wagons as on 31 March 2004.
The
Indian Railway is now reorganized into 17 zones.
|
ZONES
|
Name
|
Head Quarters
|
|
1
|
Central
|
Mumbai
(Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)
|
|
2
|
Eastern
|
Kolkata
|
|
3
|
Northern
|
Delhi
|
|
4
|
Southern
|
Chennai
|
|
5
|
Western
|
Mumbai
(Churchgate)
|
|
6
|
North East
|
Gorakhpur
|
|
7
|
North East
Frontier
|
Malegaon
(Guwahati)
|
|
8
|
South East
|
Kolkata
|
|
9
|
South Central
|
Secundrabad
|
|
10
|
East Coast
|
Bhubneshwar
|
|
11
|
East Central
|
- Hajipur
|
|
12
|
North Central
|
Allahabad
|
|
13
|
North Eastern
|
Jaipur
|
|
14
|
South Western
|
Bangalore
|
|
15
|
West Central
|
Jabalpur
|
|
16
|
South East
Central Railway
|
Bilaspur
|
|
17
|
Konkan Railway
|
Navi Mumbai
|
Units manufacturing rolling stocks
run by Indian Railways.
|
Chittaranjan locomotive works
|
Chittaranjan (West Bengal).
|
|
Diesel locomotive works
|
Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh).
|
|
Integral Coach Factory
|
Perambur (Tamil Nadu).
|
|
Rail Coach Factory
|
Kapurthala (Punjab).
|
|
Wheel and Axle plant
|
Bangalore (karnataka).
|
|
Diesel Component works
|
Patiala (Punjab).
|
|
M/s Jessops
|
Kolkata (West Bengal).
|
|
Bharat Earth Movers Ltd
|
Bangalore (Karnataka).
|
|
Railway Track Density:
High Density : Delhi,
Punjab, Bihar, W. Bengal, Haryana, Assam, Chandigarh, Pondicherry, Tamil
Nadu, and Gujarat.
Medium Density (1525 km/ 1000 sq.km): this covers
the western part of the peninsula incorporating Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Rajasthan.
Low Density (515km/ 1000 sq.km): eastern part
of the peninsular India. Orissa and Madhya Pradesh (undulating topography,
low population density and poor economic development have led to low density
of rail network.).
Very Low
Density
|
Waterways:
■ India has inland navigation
waterways of 14,500 km in length. Out of these only 3,700 km are navigable by
mechanised boats. Out of the 4,300 km canal length, 900 km is navigable but
only 330 km is used.
■ The following waterways have
been declared as the National Waterways by the Government:
■ The Ganga river between
Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1
■ The Brahmaputra river between
Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2
■ The West-Coast Canal in Kerala
(Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3
■ The other viable inland waterways
include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans, Buckingham Canal, Brahmani,
East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal.
■ The Inland Water Ways Authority
of India was set up in 1986 for the regulation, maintenance and development of
National Waterways.
Sea Ways:
■ With a long coastline of
7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 184 medium and minor ports. These
major ports handle 95 per cent of India’s foreign trade.
■ Mumbai is the biggest port with
a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour. The Jawaharlal Nehru port was
planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for
this region.
■ Marmagao port (Goa) is the
premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port accounts for about
fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.
■ New Mangalore port, located in
Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines.
■ Kochi is the extreme
south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
■ Kandla in Kuchchh was the first
port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume of trade on the
Mumbai port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the
Partition. Kandla is a tidal port.
■ Moving along the east coast,
you would see the extreme south-eastern port of Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu. This
port has a natural harbour and rich hinterland. Thus, it has a flourishing
trade handling of a large variety of cargoes to even our neighbouring countries
like Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc. and the coastal regions of India.
■ Chennai is one of the oldest
artificial ports of the country. It is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of the
volume of trade and cargo.
■ Vishakhapatnam is the deepest
landlocked and well-protected port. This port was, originally, conceived as an
outlet for iron ore exports.
■ Paradip port located in Orissa,
specialises in the export of iron ore.
■ Kolkata is an inland riverine
port. This port serves a very large and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra
basin. Being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of Hoogly.
■ Haldia port was developed as a
subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.
Airways:
■ The air transport was
nationalized in 1953.
■ Airport Authority of India
(AAI) provides for safe efficient air traffic and aeronautical communication
services in the India Air Space.
■ The Authority manages 11
international and 112 domestic Airports.
■ It also manages 28 passenger
terminals at defense airfields.
International
Air Ports.
|
International Air Port
|
Location
|
|
|
1
|
Chhatrapati Shivaji
International Air Port
|
Mumbai
|
|
2
|
Indira Gandhi International Air
Port
|
Delhi
|
|
3
|
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International
Air Port
|
Kolkata
|
|
4
|
Meenambakkam International Air
Port
|
Chennai
|
|
5
|
Thiruvananthpuram International
Air Port
|
Trivendrium
|
|
6
|
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Air
Port
|
Ahmedabad
|
|
7
|
Needumbassery International Air
Port
|
Cochin
|
|
8
|
Dabolim International Air Port
|
Goa
|
|
9
|
Lokpriya Gopinath Bardoloi
International Air Port
|
Guwahati
|
|
10
|
Rajiv Gandhi International Air
Port
|
Hyderabad
|
|
11
|
Amritsar International Air Port
|
Amritsar
|
|
12
|
Banglore International Air Port
|
Banglore
|
■ Civil Aviation Training College
(Allahabad) provides training on various operational areas.
■ National Institute of Aviation
Management and Research (NIAMAR) at Delhi is managed by AAI.
■ Indira Gandhi Rastriya Udan
Academy at Fursat Ganj in U.P is an autonomous body under Ministry of Civil
Aviation. It imparts training to the parts.
■ On the operational side, Indian
Airlines, Alliance Air (subsidiary of Indian Airlines), private scheduled
airlines and non- scheduled operators provide domestic air services. Air India
provides international air services.
■ Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd.
Provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off-
shore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the
north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh and Uttaranchal.
■ Indian Airlines operations also
extend to the neighboring countries of Southand south-east Asia and the Middle
East.
Pipelines:
■ Pipeline transport network is a
new arrival on the transportation map of India. In the past, these were used to
transport water to cities and industries. Now, these are used for transporting
crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields
to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.
■ The far inland locations of
refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based fertilizer plants could
be thought of only because of pipelines.There are three important networks of
pipeline transportation in the country.
■ From oil field in upper Assam
to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches
from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to
Siliguri.
■ From Salaya in Gujarat to
Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat. It has branches
to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.
■ Gas pipeline from Hazira in
Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh.
It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places
in Uttar Pradesh.
Communication:
The Indian postal network is the
largest in the world. In comparison with the other country, India has about
37,565 telephone exchanges spread all over in the country. Newspapers are
published in about 100 languages and dialects. The largest number of newspapers
published in the country is in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu. India is
the largest producer of feature films in the world. The Central Board of Film
Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films.
International
Trade:
India has trade relations with
all the major trading blocks and all geographical regions of the world. Among
the commodities of export, whose share has been increasing over the last few
years are agriculture and allied products (2.53 percent), ores and minerals
(9.12 percent), gems and jewellery (26.75 percent) and chemical and allied
products (24.45 per cent), engineering goods( 35.63 percent) and petroleum
products (86.12 percent) The commodities imported to India include petroleum
and petroleum products (41.87 percent), pearls and precious stones (29.26
percent), inorganic chemicals (29.39 percent), coal, coke and briquettes (94.17
per cent), machinery (12.56 per cent). Bulk imports as a group registered a
growth accounting for 39.09 per cent of total imports. This group includes
fertilizers (67.01 per cent), cereals (25.23 per cent), edible oils (7.94 per
cent) and newsprint (5.51 per cent).
